
Prothonotary Warbler
Protonotaria citrea
About This Species
This strikingly golden warbler favours flooded bottomland forest, swamps and streamside thickets in the eastern United States, nesting in tree cavities and old woodpecker holes low over water, which makes it one of the few warblers you can find at eye level rather than craning upward into the canopy. Its loud, ringing series of sweet notes carries well through dense swamp vegetation, often heard before the bright yellow-orange plumage is spotted against dark water. Late spring through mid-summer, during the breeding season, is the best time to find singing males in flooded forest habitat.
Ethical Viewing Guidelines
- A distance of 10 to 15 metres from a nest cavity is a reasonable default, and it is best not to linger near a known nest hole for long periods, since repeated visits can draw predators to the site.
- Migratory birds including this species are protected under federal law in the United States, which restricts disturbing active nests, though protections and enforcement differ in the other countries it passes through on migration.
- Viewing from a boardwalk or canoe without approaching the nest tree directly keeps disturbance to a minimum.
Seasonal Activity
631,706 sightings · 2000–2026
Citizen science records via GBIF
Classification
- Kingdom
- Animalia
- Phylum
- Chordata
- Class
- Aves
- Order
- Passeriformes
- Family
- Parulidae
Photo
(c) bwood708, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), uploaded by bwood708
CC-BY-NC-4.0
Occurrence data from GBIF.